The Cultural And Psychological Topic That I ve Chosen Is...

Introduction The cultural and psychological topic that I’ve chosen is male depression. Male Depression is a condition that currently impacts the lives of one in ten American men at one point or another. Depression varies in its severity throughout different cultures, and it is progressively becoming more and more of a significant health concern worldwide. While a 10% prevalence of depression among men in the U.S. may seem relatively high, it is important to note that this figure encompasses all types of depression. Many males suffering from depression experience occasional bouts of the condition over a lifetime, usually brought on by a specific situation or major life event. Symptoms Some men will experience it only after major life†¦show more content†¦As well as the severity of the condition experienced by each individual. Some people get psychotherapy, while others also take antidepressants or seek alternative treatments. Exercise can also play a significant role in helping to treat depression in males. There are also alternative options that your doctor may suggest such as brain stimulation techniques such as electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, or vagus nerve stimulation. For those with bipolar depression, doctors may prescribe different types of medications, such as mood-stabilizing drugs or certain antipsychotic medicines, instead of antidepressants. Nonetheless every male is different, so it may take some trial and error for them to find the ideal treatment for their condition. Situational vs. Severe Depression One distinction that is made amongst the psychological community when it comes to depression is the difference between situational and severe recurring depression. Situational depression is a short-term form of depression that can occur in the aftermath of various traumatic events in one’s life, including divorce, retirement, loss of a job and the death of a relative or close friend. Doctors sometimes refer to the condition as adjustment disorder. A person with situational depression may have symptoms that are more or less identical to someone with clinical depression; however, there are certain key differences between the effects and

Astonishing Facts Regarding Essay Topics on Lord of the Rings Fellowship of the Rings Exposed

Astonishing Facts Regarding Essay Topics on Lord of the Rings Fellowship of the Rings Exposed There are many accounts in mythology that vindicate the importance of the festival. Yet these issues don't have any actual bearing on the high quality screenwriting or direction, which could still accomplish an emotional effects. Racial traits are particular to the character's race and they're usually earned by killing a specific number of mobs. In addition to that, individual themes were composed to be a symbol of unique cultures. The contrast between trilogies is particularly striking during their various denouements. Overall though, it's an attractive setting. Your brain works non-linearly and there's a direct correlation between how creative you're, and how non-linearly you believe. Dig into one chapter and you will discover the ideal intervention that will help you share a more regenerative means of designing innovation. The Little-Known Secrets to Essay Topics on Lord of the Rings Fellowship of the Rings Essays could possibly be lightly modified for readability or to defend the anonymity of contributors, but we don't edit essay examples before publication. Reading example essays works precisely the same way! In this exact same article, Yogananda claims that the literal end of the planet comes about in two forms, partial and total dissolution. Structure the remainder of your life. We are aware that if our objective is to compose a book, that we should be writing every single day. Tolkien's criticism of technology has been discovered by many authors. It turned out to be a quick interview over Skype. New Questions About Essay Topics on Lord of the Rings Fellowship of the Rings Afraid of the Ring corrupting his buddies, Frodo makes the decision to go to Mordor alone. Birthday Party Favor Boxes is the ideal solution whilst organizing a birthday party for your little one. Their Rings are made for an urge to protect against the waning of their world. The gifts should ideally be something that could be used. For me, Gollum is the ideal illustration of The Shadow because he embodies the dark side of someone's personality. Elijah Wood and Ian McKellen were filmed in distinct versions of the identical corridor, built at two unique scales, and a speedy camera pan conceals the edit between them both. It's immensely problematic for a number of the characters to resist the desire to select the Ring for themselves and utilize it for their own ends. Some characters have the ability to foresee misfortunes of the Ring before it's too late. It's currently unclear once the game will be published. Then I started to consider something long form. This lets you infuse a normal slot machine experience with a little more skill! The very first step is developing a character, or avatar. It's possible to download the newest set of drivers from the company's website. Quest instances are developed for a single player or a little group, and they're used for storytelling purposes. The slot machine also includes a mini game that's readily available that you play between spins. IBM patterns contain tested solution code which could be utilized to address a particular issue. When it's Oracle or some other organisation that now has startup mentorship programs, he urged it is very important and necessary for startups to participate in such programs. The ability to concentrate on several simultaneous jobs have to be developed quickly, or it's quite simple to feel overwhelmed. With a developing mobile audience, acquiring a strong mobile presence is important for any business enterprise. Which is the reason why instead of seeking to be original, it's far better to be authentic. Ruthless Essay Topics on Lord of the Rings Fellowship of the Rings Strategies Exploited Once more, Sam will not let his master to continue alone. That's all it requires to change a person's life. The only reason that you still act as though they are real, is because you pick every day to feel they are. Choose a few outfits you can always wear. Themed birthday party favor boxes Themed parties are common and you are able to give gifts depending on the themes to produce the occasion more memorable.

Beneath the plumage Essay Example For Students

Beneath the plumage Essay The Tale of the Green Bird is the most daring play that ever issued from my inkwell, declared Carlo Gozzi, the 18th-century Italian fabulist. Daring is a relative term, of course. But when the dizzyingly original Gozzi claims something as his most daring work, that really says something. And yet chances are that audiences dont know Gozzi except at an operatic remove: His best-known plays, Turandot and The Love of Three Oranges, provided the basis for musical masterworks by Puccini and Prokofiev. Students of Italian drama may also remember Gozzi as the loser in a once-famous literary battle, in which his rival Goldoni was crowned victor by a public which ultimately preferred the latters realistic, bourgeois comedy of manners. It is largely because drama took a right turn at the Goldoni-Gozzi intersection heading toward psychological realism and away from pure commedia and fantasy that Gozzi has languished as one of the theatres under-appreciated geniuses. But such remarkable talent couldnt be neglected entirely, and it may well be that the world wasnt ready for Gozzi until this century. Some adventurous modern directors Meyerhold, Reinhardt, Strehler, Serban have risen to the challenge of Gozzis bold theatricality. To this list of interpreters may now be added Theatre de la Jeune Lune, whose production of The Green Bird is scheduled to run through Jan. 29 at the companys home base in Minneapolis. Jeune Lunes ebullient staging of this 1765 fairy-tale play has been produced in collaboration with New Havens Yale Repertory Theatre. After a preliminary stint in Minneapolis last November. The Green Bird transferred for a three-week run at Yale during December, where Yale Drama School students performed in minor roles and design student Henry Dunn assisted company members Vincent Gracieux and Steven Epp in creating the shows inventive scenography. And it is inventive design above all that The Green Bird demands. Consider this abbreviated list of events which must be portrayed onstage: The royal twins Renzo and Barbarina throw a magic stone, which instantly turns into a mansion. A statue named Calmon, who was a man before his cynical philosophy ossified him, speaks sage advice to the youths. Another statue, the once-vain Pompea, reverts to flesh-and-blood thanks to Renzos successful quest for the Waters that Dance and the Apples that Sing. Then there is the good queen Ninetta who lies imprisoned beneath the palaces kitchen drains, while the title characteractually, a prince bewitched by an ogre flies to her with food and drink to sustain her life. Finally, at the plays happy ending, the wicked queen-mother is turned into a turtle, and her poet-accomplice into a jackass. With a storyline like this, its little wonder if directors and designers alike tremble at the name of Gozzi. Outline1 Blend of dramatic styles  2 Surrealist inspiration  3 Worlds of myth and commedia   Blend of dramatic styles   But physical theatricality is Jeune Lunes raison detre, and according to dramaturg performer Robert Rosen, it was Gozzis blend of dramatic stylescommedia with orientalism with fairy tale that especially piqued their interest: The worlds that he meshes are fantastic and a challenge to stage. We discussed in rehearsal the idea that these characters defend not only their different journeys, but their styles you have this world meeting that world. Both have to stick to their rules, and yet you have to create a common ground for them to work in. Although director Gracieux admits that the show was at times pure hell to mount, The Green Bird has also elicited from the 15 year-old company some exuberant solutions to these hellish staging challenges. How, for instance, is one to portray a talking statue? The designers passed on the more obvious ideas of using a statue with a voiceover, or a plaster-encrusted actor a la the Commendatore in Don Giovanni. Instead, Calmon adopts three amusingly varied incarnations. At his first appearance, we see only a monstrously huge face (made of coated styrofoam and operated from behind by three crew members, who tilt the head and manipulate the jaw and eyeballs) accompanied by an enormous hand which gestures freely and at one point scoops up the twins. Later in the play, the scale shifts to the other extreme as Calmon becomes a tiny puppet-head, emerging from the mouth of a magic serpent. Finally, the video image of a real Roman bust is projected on the back wall; as this Calmon floats around in space, his chin is made to bob up and down as he speaks. .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa , .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa .postImageUrl , .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa , .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa:hover , .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa:visited , .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa:active { border:0!important; } .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa:active , .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Greek Theater Essay Surrealist inspiration   For their designs, Epp and his colleagues claim visual inspiration from the surrealist painters Magritte and Dali, as well as from Kabuki theatre; the shows platform, for instance a huge, raised box filled with white sand is extended on either side by long entrance ramps typical of the Kabuki stage. Perhaps nothing in this show bet   captures a sense of magic than when performers (with the aid of two trapdoors and sturdy, unseen stagehands) make their seemingly impossible entrances from the sand below. The real godfather of this scenography, however, is a more recent surrealistMonty Pythons Terry Gilliam. Just as his famous cartoon sequences revel in sudden shifts of scalehuge feet, for example, abruptly entering a frame of tiny human figures so does Jeune Lunes production. And Gilliam draws characters who, as Epp observes, gobble up other images or open up their mouths to reveal something else, much like TJLs magic snake, who opens his mouth to reveal Calmon and the Apple that Sings. Delightful as this visual exuberance is, The Green Bird is far more than an excuse for spectacle. The play traffics in the sort of mythic fantasy that Freudian and Jungian critics salivate over, and civilized cultures ignore to their peril. In place of wise and just rulers, a stable sense of identity, and secure social commitments, one finds in The Green Bird precisely what humans seem to fear or puzzle over most. The King instantly forgets his love for Ninetta upon meeting Barbarina, for whom he lusts incestuously until he discovers shes his daughter. The twins earlier have turned their backs on their foster parents without the least twinge of conscience or gratitude. The enigmatic title figure is sometimes life-giving, sometimes life-threatening. As the green bird says at one point, Im your friend but also your enemy, notes Gracieux. Present also is the perennially fascinating theme of long-lost royal heirs being found, as well as Ovidian metamorphoses of humans into animals or statues into humans. And then there is the plays very crude scatological and sexual humor, which has been vigorously preserved in Albert Bermel and Ted Emerys superb translation. Worlds of myth and commedia   Just about the only thing that Gozzi did not aim at presenting was the sort of realism that was gaining a foothold in literature in the 18th century. Says Gracieux, Gozzi was completely against what Goldoni was doing, which was to show realistically the life of people and the conflicts between the bourgeoisie and the aristocracy. Gozzi didnt mine the worlds of myth and commedia simply out of an antiquarians conservatism, much less on a whim. Instead, he found in the stories overt aggression, unrestrained passions and non-rationality a more truthful depiction of the worlds divine comedy than what Goldonis realism could afford. But you dont need to analyze Gozzis stories in order to sense their appeal. We found that people have a very strong and personal response to those stories, Epp declares. Theres something about the simplicity and directness of fairy tales that is so provocative. The archetypal characters and situations you find in them open up your imagination. They can be silly and childlike, and yet theyre not frivolous.

Segregation between the Poor and the Rich an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Segregation between the Poor and the Rich by Expert Gabrielle | 06 Dec 2016 Introduction Need essay sample on "Segregation between the Poor and the Rich" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The term segregation creates a distinction between one group of people from another, this is normally based on the skin color, facial features and the hair texture and economic stability, it normally vary depending on the culture, and social economic factors in the society. The relationship between the poor and the rich in our world is shrinking especially in our cities. Whereby, we find various groups of people who are classified as follows; the capitalists these are those people who need cheap labor and infrastructure, the poor migrants who need jobs and a minimal secure housing and the public officials who need to juggle larger resource agendas and still get re-elected, these three types of people may not understand each other very well, but their interdependence is the most fundamental factor in their development in modern cities. Segregation Though it is hard to define a living process with so much experimentation and so many flavors, many people come up with ideas claiming that, the gap piding the poor and the rich is getting wider, as the process of development brings prosperity for some but further marginalizes the poor, it is found that the cases on urban insecurity, violence and environmental deterioration are going up and up, while the breakdown of neighborhoods, communities and families is eroding the social fabric which makes various cities decent places to live. This case is seen as a major mess in the living standards of people in many communities. Although, there are the rich and the poor at every scale, within the communities, cities, countries and regions and that in every context, it is generally the rich who are said to take the prerogative to solve problems and in this case of cities whereby, solutions put forward by the rich have not worked at all, but have made much harsher the poor peoples burden. While issues on infrastructure, real estate and investments get discussed in the cities, the problem of the urban poor get neglected, causing the inter-depended equations to get even more lopsided and the poor are sent back to where they started from their normal problems. These problems are always seen to be occurring on a daily basis as a result of the non-involvement of the poor in decision making. Meaning that, there are no solutions that work for the poor and that if there were, communities would already be using them. Most externally propagated alternatives are not providing the kind of solutions that were anticipated. It is argued that the development interventions which sought to deal with a single issue, no matter how well designed, they have not been able to deal with the reality that human beings have needs that are multi-faceted and interconnected needs, which can be resolved in discrete bits. Although very few resources get allocated to the problems affecting the poor, they get withdrawn when the poor people fail to participate in change processes which either scare them away or seem useless. We can count on cities expanding rapidly in the new millennium and also we can count on the increase in the number of the poor in the cities. Therefore, there are many questions on how to shake off this tradition which excludes the poor from participating in the exploration and testing of solutions which affects their own lives. And how to help these poor communities to replace the isolation of despair with the kind of solidarity and stamina they need to work towards such solutions this discussion presents a way forward to have poor people given a chance to participate in decision making for their development. Integration On the other hand, various development activists have come up with their own views on the poor and the rich. They argue that, exchange and exposure are terms to be used in building up relationships of trust and partnership across distances, where teaching and learning from each other becomes a natural way of strengthening self-worth. They claim that exchange is normally the root strategy for education and mobilization of the poor and by the poor. However, in the last few years, the kinds of exchange between the poor people were rare. There are increasing numbers of poor community groups moving around visiting each other, in their own cities and countries, also there are an increasing number of support organizations hustling to make this possible. But more and more development activists are welcoming this newly expanding and increasingly welcoming the exchange system as a new development tool. what exchange does is that it links the like minded people across distances, which involves the exchange of administrators, politicians and development professionals who move out of their own situations to learn, to meet peers and to fortify themselves with fresh ideas from elsewhere. The only problem faced by these activists is that the poor are not improving their lot better because they lack skills and that if they are trained in skills they will be able to stop the suffering and start prospering. According to researchers, the issues which inhibit the poor from participating in the economy and getting access to resources go way beyond managerial and technical skills and back to the old exclusion and bad planning by the rich. It is said that, the poor have the skills and the best solutions of all, but the only thing they lack is space and support to explore and refine them. In exchange, people do not get trained to do things; it is proven to be a useful isolation buster, confidence booster, option expander and a network builder. It represents a collective commitment of organizations of the poor to communicate with each other, examine their problems, set priorities and explore solutions to use each others ideas, through which they evaluate, refine the solutions and then spread them to other people. The kinds of explorations, invariably mean working with other development activists, including the state governments, non-governmental organizations and bilateral development agencies, in which exchange is also a powerful builder of networks and working alliances with sufficient scale to strengthen the representation of the poor in development debates and also to expand the roles that the poor can play in bringing about equity and social justice. Whereby, the large networks, which exchanges create, become a channel for direct, rapid transfer of ideas, strategies and options. Conclusion If poor communities are going to participate centrally in the development processes which affect them, there has to be a process of education in an organization and mobilization to prepare them. So that when they face a problem, they need to understand that problem and then examine all the available options, in the context of their own life and of the larger social environment. Under exchange nobody feels solely responsible for anybody elses welfare or happiness or intellectuals evolution. Each one is pretty much responsible for his or her education. Therefore the governments should empower the poor by improving the internal governance structures, finance management systems, skills knowledge and abilities. Promote linkages, learning and dialogue between the poor and support the formation of umbrella groups that can effectively negotiate member interests with outside activists. Support the participation of the poor particularly women, in all governance and policy formulation mechanisms both in local government and the administration, this would include schools and health committees. Promote an active culture that emphasizes the right to formation and support the developmental activists to demand information from all sectors including government, other Non-Governmental organisations in order to promote local accountability to the poor. The government should create an enabling environment which will influence change in policies, laws and institutions at national and international levels that is representative and protective of the interests of the poor and marginalized people. References Jenks, C. & Mayer, S. (1990): The consequences of growing up in a poor neighborhood, in Inner City Poverty in the United States. Lynn L. & McGeary, M.G.H. Edn pp.11- 186. Washington D.C. National Academy Press. Kearns, A. Urban Studies 38, 2103-10. Kein, J. (2004): A pioneer's perspective on the spatial mismatch literature. Urban Studies 41, 7-32. Lupton, R. & Power, A. (2002): Social Exclusion & Neighborhoods. In Understanding Social Exclusion; Hills J, Le Grand J. & Piachaud D. Edn pp. 118- 140. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Self Presentation and Social Perception Essay Example

Self Presentation and Social Perception Essay Example Self Presentation and Social Perception Paper Self Presentation and Social Perception Paper Module 2: Social Psychology Mathis, Ronald Self Presentation and Social Perception Ronald Mathis Grand Canyon University: Soc 369 Due July 3, 2011 From my perspective, the material in the textbook relate to Matthew 7:3-5 in this way; when people put their judgments on others, but fail to see that they have faults, and that things are wrong with them too, they have failed to see themselves for who they really are. According to Oliver Sachs (1985), we have an inner self that is private and an outer self that we show to other people. However, our outer self is biased, and want to cast judgment on others. We want to go around correcting people and telling them what to do. All the while, in the private, we do the same thing. The biased, they tell people they shouldn’t do that, and could be guilty of doing those very same things. Sachs also says â€Å"the self is heavily influenced by social factors† (Kassin, 2008, p. 55). For instance, if I start an infectious laughter, or yawing as if I am sleepy, and there are other people in the room, they will say â€Å"girl you are making me sleepy. With laughter, even if I were faking it, someone would say â€Å"what are you laughing at? † If I act like I could not stop, people would just start laughing too. Therefore, being biased can catch on like an epidemic. From my perspective, Matthew 7: 3-5 relates to me that I should not perceive things to be a certain way and they really are not. For instance, I should not perceive that just because I see someon e that has on rich fancy clothes that they are wealthy, and they are better than me. Also, I should not let others try to make me feel bad about myself when an attempt is made to put me down or make me feel degraded. This to me is taking the plank out of my eye. A person can appear to be rich and not really be, and it could make me have feelings of inferiority if I allowed myself to feel that way, or if that person showed some type of affluent bias towards me like scorn of poverty stricken people. On the other hand, I should not attempt to do that to someone if I were in a position of having the appearance of wealth. In conclusion, when people bring their judgments they have failed to see themselves. Don’t perceive things to be a certain way when they really are not.

Biography of Lewis Latimer, Noted Black Inventor

Biography of Lewis Latimer, Noted Black Inventor Lewis Latimer (September 4, 1848–December 11, 1928) is considered one of the most important African-American inventors, for the number of inventions he produced and patents he secured, but also for the importance of his best-known discovery: a longer-lasting filament for the electric light. He also helped Alexander Graham Bell obtain the patent for the first telephone. Latimer was in great demand for his expertise later in his career as electric light spread across the country. Fast Facts: Lewis Latimer Known For: Improved the electric lightAlso Known As: Louis LatimerBorn: September 4, 1848 in Chelsea, MassachusettsParents: Rebecca and George LatimerDied: December 11, 1928 in Flushing, Queens, New YorkPublished Works: Incandescent Electric Lighting: A Practical Description of the Edison SystemSpouse: Mary WilsonChildren: Emma Jeanette, Louise RebeccaNotable Quote: We create our future, by well improving present opportunities: however few and small they are. Early Life Lewis Latimer was born on September 4, 1848, in Chelsea, Massachusetts. He was the youngest of four children born to George Latimer, a paperhanger, and Rebecca Smith Latimer, both escaped slaves. His parents had fled from Virginia in 1842, hiding beneath the deck of a northbound ship, but his father was recognized in Boston, Massachusetts by a former employee of their owner. George Latimer was arrested as a fugitive and brought to trial, where he was defended by noted abolitionists Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison. Eventually, a group of abolitionists paid $400 for his freedom. George Latimer disappeared shortly after the Dred Scott decision of 1857, in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Scott, a slave, couldnt sue for his freedom. Possibly fearing a return to slavery, Latimer went underground. It was a great hardship for the rest of the Latimer family. Early Career Lewis Latimer worked to help support his mother and siblings. Then, In 1864, at age 15, Latimer lied about his age in order to enlist in the U.S. Navy during the Civil War. Latimer was assigned to the gunboat USS Massasoit and received an honorable discharge on July 3, 1865. He returned to Boston, Massachusetts and took a position as an office boy with the patent law firm Crosby Gould. He taught himself mechanical drawing and drafting by observing draftsmen at the firm. Recognizing Latimers talent and promise, the partners promoted him to draftsman and, eventually, head draftsmen. During this time he married  Mary Wilson in November 1873. The couple had two daughters, Emma Jeanette and Louise Rebecca. The Telephone In 1874 while at the firm, Latimer co-invented an improvement to the bathroom compartment of trains. Two years later, he was sought out as a draftsman by an instructor of children who were hard of hearing; the man wanted drawings for a patent application on a device he had created. The instructor was Alexander Graham Bell, and the device was the telephone. Working late into the evenings, Latimer labored to complete the patent application. It was submitted on Feb. 14, 1876, just hours before another application was made for a similar device. With Latimers help, Bell won the patent rights to the telephone. Edisons Competitor In 1880, after relocating to Bridgeport, Connecticut, Latimer was hired as assistant manager and draftsman for the U.S. Electric Lighting Co., which was owned by Hiram Maxim. Maxim was the chief competitor of Thomas Edison, who had invented the electric light. Edison’s light consisted of a nearly airless glass bulb surrounding a carbon wire filament, typically made from bamboo, paper, or thread. When electricity ran through the filament, it became so hot that it literally glowed. Maxim hoped to improve on Edison’s light bulb by focusing on its main weakness: its brief life span, typically only a few days. Latimer set out to make a longer-lasting light bulb. He developed a way to encase the filament in a cardboard envelope that prevented the carbon from breaking up, giving the bulbs a much longer life while making them less expensive and more efficient. Latimer’s expertise had become well known, and he was sought after to continue to improve on incandescent lighting as well as arc lighting. As more major cities began wiring their roadways for electric lighting, Latimer was selected to lead several planning teams. He helped install the first electric plants in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; New York, New York; and Montreal, Quebec. He also oversaw the installation of lighting in railroad stations, government buildings, and major thoroughfares in Canada, New England, and London. Edison Latimer started working for Edison in 1884 and became involved in Edisons infringement lawsuits. He worked in the legal department of the Edison Electric Light Co. as the chief draftsman and patent specialist. He drafted sketches and documents related to Edison patents, looked over plants in search of patent infringements, carried out patent searches, and testified in court on Edison’s behalf. He never worked in any of Edisons labs, but he was the only black member of a group known as the Edison Pioneers, men who had worked closely with the inventor in his early years. Latimer also co-authored a book on electricity published in 1890 called Incandescent Electric Lighting: A Practical Description of the Edison System. Later Innovations In subsequent years, Latimer continued to display his innovative abilities. In 1894 he created a safety elevator, a vast improvement on existing elevators. Then he obtained a patent for â€Å"Locking Racks for Hats, Coats, and Umbrellas† that was used in restaurants, resorts, and office buildings. He also developed a method for making rooms more hygienic and climate-controlled, named an â€Å"Apparatus for Cooling and Disinfecting.† Latimer died on December 11, 1928, in the Flushing neighborhood of Queens, New York. His wife Mary had died four years earlier. Legacy Lewis Latimer rose from humble beginnings with little education to play a major role in the development of two products that had massive impacts on the lives of Americans: the light bulb and the telephone. The fact that he was a black American born in the 19th century made his many successes even more impressive. Sources Lewis Latimer. Greatblackheroes.com.Lewis Howard Latimer Biography. Biography.com.Lewis Latimer. Famousinventors.org.

Efficient Opperation of the Potatoe chip Industry Term Paper

Efficient Opperation of the Potatoe chip Industry - Term Paper Example Economists have put forwarded various structures of the market with different characteristics. The most fundamental of the market structure is perfect competition in which the product is homogeneous and there is absence of barriers to entry for the suppliers. The benefits to the stakeholders A firm operating in the monopoly market structure can produce at a much lower than the firm operating in perfect competition. In the monopoly situation the firm can enjoy the economies of scale while in perfect competition the firms share in total output. The monopoly is the only supplier of the good. In order to achieve higher levels of profit the monopolists have the potential to set the prices at higher levels (The Ohio State University, 2010). Because of the constraint of the demand curve they cannot charge the price that are considered fit for the manufactured product. If the price is set at the level that is considered unaffordable for the consumers the demand conditions will contract and w ill lead to loss of revenue for the firm. The existence of long run profits will serve as the incentive for investors to invest more on research and development. The investment will contribute to offer better products to the consumers. The investment can also contribute in lowering the cost of production and eventually the monopolist can use the return on the initial cost of capital. The capability to utilize consumers would come from the high ranged prices charged upon them. In the monopoly structure a firm can gain abnormal profits both in the short as well as in the long run and the average cost of the firm is lower than that of the average proceeds. Such a strategy will put off the potential firms put of the industry as the monopolists are aware that they will not be able to produce at such low cost in presence of competition. The benefit of low cost accrues to the consumers and therefore the welfare of the consumers is also affected (Case, Fair, and Oster, 2009). In the monopol istic market structure the firms are able to sell similar but not identical products. The products can be differentiated. In the market of potato chips the sellers can enter freely into the market. Each bag of potato chips is characterized by different genre and name. Therefore the considerations for each supplier are different. According to economics a monopoly produces a product which has no close substitutes and significant barriers of entry are present to allow new firms enter into the market. By purchasing the firms the lawyers paved the way for pure monopoly situation. It will allow the two firms to control the market. By seizing the market control the firms will now operate on the market demand curve. They now have the potential to control the output control and price. The only limitation for the firms will be the cost of production. In monopoly market there is hardly any difference between firm and industry. The price discrimination will have effects on the consumers and the suppliers. In monopoly market the Wonk potato chip firm has created a monopoly market where potential competitors cannot enter. In the new market the prices will tend to rise as there is lack of competition and the level of output will either be at the stable level or will decrease. The monopolistic industry will try to keep the industry closed as entry of new firms will lead to reduction of price and the rise in costs of production. The higher price will lead to loss of consumer surplus. The choices of

Math and the paraprofessional teaching fractions Essay

Math and the paraprofessional teaching fractions - Essay Example As a teacher, I need to address all the three models in well-designed instructional activities so that Bonnie and Emanuel can develop a rich concept of fractions, which they can use to make sense of measurement, numbers, and operations. To give them the concept of 1/2, I will fold the red sheet into half and will ask them how much reds would be required to cover the yellow part completely. Like this, they will understand that two reds would be required to cover the yellow means one red would be required to cover 1/2 of the yellow sheet. After this, to make them aware with the idea of 1/4, with the help of my students I will fold the blue sheet twice to create fourths. Leaving the paper folded, I will ask the students about the number of blue that would be using to cover the yellow sheet. In this way, they will come to know that four blues would be required to cover the yellow means that each part of the blue is 1/4 of the yellow. For this model, we would be using a linking cube train. We will join the four cubes of the train together; at one end put the signboard of zero and at the other use the signboard written ‘one’ on it. Then to give them the concept of 1/4, I will put the board with question mark after the first cube. Then I will ask them about the number of cubes that are dividing the train. As the answer would be four, likewise I will try to explain them that the whole train is divided into four parts and one cube of the train represents 1/4 of the train. With the same concept, in order to give them the idea of 1/2, I will make the train of two cubes and will put the question mark signboard after the first cube. In this way, I will tell them that since the train is divided into two halves. Therefore, in denominator, we will write the total division that is two and in numerator, we will write the block number that is before

Julius Caesar 10th Grade Essay Essay Example for Free

Julius Caesar 10th Grade Essay Essay â€Å"Might makes right,† a vacillating quote signifying power, strength and ability, a vast amount of power which may surely lead to ones reign or contrary their own destruction. Is it possible that those with the most power always live a victorious life, and those who don’t have a grueling idea of what they are capable of live within a lie, residing under the casted shadows of those who were capable of exercising it to its full potential. The quote can be easily traced back to Plato, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s â€Å"The Social Contract† although hundreds of historians have found proof that leaders such as Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King, and the Nazi Party had been greatly influenced by the idea of â€Å"Might makes right. † The simplistic three-word quote has a peculiar way of existing within everyone’s life without one actually understanding how or why. For example, a child asks his father â€Å"Dad how come the country with the biggest army always tells the other what to do? † The explanation his father gives is simply â€Å"Might makes right. Although the child is young he understands that the country with the larger army is fully capable of dominating the lives of the smaller one, therefore making it the superior force. Ideas behind â€Å"Might makes right† vary depending on ones logic, punitive debate whether â€Å"Might makes right† can still be found throughout the world to the present day. The underlying questions are, does might really make right, can exercising your rights be the only way of receiving what you desire, and does your might somehow create leadership. Therefore throughout this essay you will be the one who answers my questions. Within The Tragedy of Julius Caesar one can easily find a variation of examples pertaining to the ideology behind might makes right, Julius Caesar’s assassination, Antony’s promise to avenge Caesar’s death and Octavious’s decision to assert his responsibility as Caesar’s heir are only a few examples as to how might can be the driving force for ones actions. After Caesar arrives at the senate with hopes of being offered the crown the conspirators encircle Julius Caesar and one by one stab him with their daggers. Once Caesar realizes that his dear friend Brutus is within the crowd he accepts reality, gives up the struggle and soon dies. Marcus Antony decides to question Brutus as to why they decided to kill Caesar but his response is simply that they will find out during the funeral oration. Within the drama Caesar’s ambition is seen as his tragic flaw consequently leading to the idea that Rome was in grave danger and the conspirators verdict to assassinate him. Marcus Antony being a beloved friend of Caesar stays behind after the conspirators exit the room, and promises Caesar’s dead boy as well as himself that his death will be avenged. Marcus Antony questions both Cassius and Brutus’ speech as to how Caesar’s ambition would only lead to the downfall of Rome. He then speaks to the public about the confidentiality of Caesar’s will, shows him the body and after the crowd begins to plead he decides to reads the will. The masses become enraged at the idea of Caesar lying dead and decide to drive Brutus and Cassius out of the city. Granting that Marcus Antony did not use any form of violence he did have actions in order to persuade the masses to drive both traitors out of the city, his love for Caesar was greatly exemplified and gave rise to the fight between Marcus Antony, Octavius and Lepidus against Cassius and Brutus. Octavius demonstrates his might by adhering to his responsibility as heir and downgrading Marcus Antony’s responsibility within the battle. Octavius’ army triumphs after Cassius, Brutus and Titinius commit suicide, Antony speaks of Brutus calling him a Roman and Octavius orders for an honorable burial. Throughout the play one can effortlessly see that power is the driving force behind the conspirators’ decision to assassinate Julius Caesar although the tedious decision caused more imaginable deaths than would have occurred if Julius Caesar would have remained alive. Conceding that literature is of great prominence and influence to the individual ideas and thoughts thousands of philosophers, authors, politicians and even dictators have used the idea of â€Å"Might makes Right† to influence their actions. Genevan philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau is credited for his phrase â€Å"Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains† as history has confirmed his phrase is exact, mass murder, enslavement and totalitarianism are only a few of countless occurrences where the superior power has demonstrated its desire to achieve what wouldn’t be possible without its steadfast hold of supremacy. Are ones religious beliefs of great importance, or is it societies impotence to cast away those who don’t agree, during WWII Germany had the imprudent impression that they needed to make the perfect society, propaganda of anti-Semitism was the simplest way of attaining their goals. As WWII continued the Holocaust gave birth to the most senile, senseless and putrid form of hatred. Death camps and the murder of Jews is a simple way of demonstrating the immense power that Nazi’s held during the nineteenth century, nearly six million Jews were killed, but did the ends really justify the means, the Jewish population still exist to day, Hitler committed suicide and the Nazi party was defeated, having power is an accomplishment but it has to be well understood and whoever attains it must have the precise knowledge of what the outcome will be. Relating back to Rousseau’s quote, was man actually born free; history demonstrates that slavery was on of the harshest motives for demonstrating ones power, owning one, two or even ten slaves could easily signify ones power and wealth, but did having wealth and power create happiness for the owner or was it an approach at arrogance, boasting ones self-image. Blacks were frequently whipped, underfed and over worked but their owner’s malicious treatment taught them to pursue their happiness, therefore up to present days individuals of African heritage can be found performing incredible tasks such as the immense responsibility of holding the position of the President of the United States. Although slavery and mass murder hold an immense role as to how a dominant power must show his role totalitarian control is the superlative example, what better way of exhibiting your power than by controlling an entire country such as Stalin, Mussolini, and never forgotten Hitler did. All three leaders controlled a different entire frightened population under constant police terror, censorship and indoctrination therefore demonstrating their authority and dominance. Controlling their population may not have been the toughest job but their dominion and the fear their nations felt toward them was exactly what they sought, but did controlling every aspect of their lives change anything. Although the ideology behind might makes right is of great importance within human history it is constantly found within ones everyday life. Relating to the child asking his father why the bigger army always wins, one doesn’t always perceive how power can influence our lives. Although one does not always consider police, teachers and even parents as a superior power, they have a unique way of controlling what we do simply because they can. Imagine a child fussing over his parents setting a bedtime for him, he doesn’t agree because he thinks he is old enough to sleep whenever he desires but he has absolutely no control over the matter, merely because he must obey or on contrary be punished. His parents have the ability to set his bedtime simply because they are his elders and he must obey as society has taught us. Although the child may find the rule absurd the next morning he awakes well rested and calm due to his parent’s decision to set his bedtime, therefore the ends actually justified the means. Law enforcement is of immense importance to society due to its ability to regulate ones actions and provide a safe environment for everyone to appreciate. Police action is of tremendous assistance for anyone during a hostile situation for example during a violent fight the police can be easily contacted and they have enough power to arrest whoever caused the fight or was of danger to the other party. Although police do not have much power without the constant of witnesses they do have privileges such as giving tickets and assigning probation, in order to keep the community safe and secure. Although teachers are at times neglected and deprived of their significance they often assert their positions and demand their students. During school hours teachers typically assist one hundred and fifty or more students but in order for their class to behave they must have a sense of demand and control, typically teachers assign detention or even referrals, granting that the student was misbehaving some teachers may at times be kind enough to pay no attention to it simply because they do not wish to devastate the students future opportunities. Parents, law enforcement and teachers can be of great importance in ones life but one does not always have enough consideration as to how they can use their power to persuade or even demand an individual to perform a certain task. Generations passed, generations to come and the debate continues does â€Å"Might make right? † The United States is constantly patrolling countries like Iraq conceivably demanding them to follow in our perspective; surely the motive behind it is to achieve power and dominance. Although violence is a considerable symbol behind power the greatest power of all is having an entire population fear you, such as most totalitarian leaders did. Then is war only a perennial struggle for power, a game that we play to see who the victor will be or is it a form of leadership that one can attain by dominance and arrogance? â€Å"Might makes right† derives from the second a child has the appropriate knowledge as to his parents actions, children as young as ten months understand that the grownup is the one who typically does what he desires. Therefore does â€Å"Might make right† or perhaps there is not solid explanation and one must be the soul theorist.

Fraud and Abuse in the Healthcare System Essay -- Healthcare, argumen

Healthcare services have been on the rise for over 10 years now. According to a 2012 consumer alert, the industry provided $2.26 trillion in payments for more than four billion health insurance benefit claims in the year 2011(Fraud in Health Care). The bulk of the claims and the mainstream of fraud and abuse stem from the Medicare system professionals, who are knowledgeable about the process and persuade new clients into handing over their pertinent information in hopes of deception and illegitimate claims. Multiple and double billing, fraudulent prescriptions, are some of the major flaws in this organization that has made the healthcare services industry curdle. (AGHAEGBUNA, 2011) This is a non-violet crime and is often committed by very educated people including business people, hospital, doctors, and administrators. Multiple billing There are numerous amounts of billing codes within the Medicare system. Many have the same codes to one medical piece of equipment. If a biller tries to make a claim for a device, such as a wheelchair and walker, and the claim was denied based on excessive usage of that particular code because of its geographic region, then the biller can easily resubmit the claim using an alternative code that will allow the claim to go through with minor alternations to the device (AGHAEGBNO, 2001). The biller can complete this task several times until the claim is satisfied. The biller can also bill for services that were not provided in order to receive higher payments from health care providers. These are forms of multiple, double and improper billing abuses that are defrauding the system tremendously. Health care claims are coming in quickly and some payments are even expedited and reused to medical provide... ...gram polices and laws that have been put in place by OIG are making an impact with tracking fraudulent providers and claims. Claims need to be reviewed to ensure each claims are before they are paid, to ensure money is not being wasted. Fraud and Abuse will remain a problem unless the government cracks down on providers. Works Cited Aghaegbuna,O (2011). Health care fraud and punishment. FDCH Congressional Testimony. Middle Search Plus â€Å"Fraud in Health Care: The scope of the problem.† (2012). Health Source-Consumer Edition Gatty.B (2010). Fighting Fraud US Government cracking down on those who commit healthcare scams â€Å"Dermatology Times,† 31 (11)12.Health Source-Consumer Edition Haddad,M (2010).Technology helps track healthcare providers. Health Management Technology, 31 (5), 24-25. Health Source-Consumer Edition

Movie Task

Classical conditioning was first explored and developed by Ivan Pavlov, wherein the repeated pairings of a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus would result to a conditioned response to the neutral stimulus which now becomes the conditioned stimulus. In simpler terms, Pavlov was able to demonstrate that continuously pairing a product or brand with positive emotions or behaviors, resulted to people becoming conditioned to the brand or product as producing positive emotions or behaviors. Classical conditioning was the first learning program to be applied to a number of fields whose objective does to make people learn something new without actually needing to pay attention or analyze what they were learning. Classical conditioning was the preferred method of marketing strategies for low-risk and low-involvement products and has been quite effective in building the association between safety and Mr. Muscle, or that of a Happy Meal at McDonald’s. Concept in the movie: In the movie, classical conditioning was depicted in the distinction made from the quality of life up at San Angeles and down at the rebels lair. The movie had shown a stark contrast between the kind of life people have up at the megalopolis San Angeles and down the sewers. The affluent and safe life was depicted with the shiny buildings, the morality statute and zero violence, whereas the dark and difficult life was depicted underground in the sewers with unhealthy food, with rags for clothes and unsanitary living conditions. Evaluation of the concept in the movie: Classical conditioning refers to the process in which something is learned because it has become strongly associated with a certain emotional or physiological response. The movie made use of the classical conditioning concept by making the viewers believe that life up at San Angeles was better than life under it because of the contrasting emotional response that it evoked from the actors in the movie. The life at San Angeles was safe and boring, while under it, it was dangerous and exciting. In the concept of marketing, we could see that Dr. Cocteau was promoting the quality of life in San Angeles by making people believe that life there was safer, better and more productive than life under it to discourage people from going underground because he feels threatened by the dissenters. The emotional response of the characters in the movie who were up in San Angeles towards the underground rebels indicate the makings of classical conditioning, wherein the mere thought or presence of a rebel could evoke fear or hostility towards the rebels who did not want the kind of life offered by Cocteau. When the rebels go up at San Angeles to look for food, the citizens feel that they are being terrorized while Spartan looks at it as a means of survival because he had not been conditioned to have negative emotions for the rebels like the normal citizens do. Concept 2 Title: Brand Loyalty vs Brand Equity Concept Definition: Brand loyalty refers to the degree of attachment that a consumer has for a particular brand, while brand equity refers to the intangible value that a consumer attaches to a particular brand and how it evokes familiarity and positive emotions and perceptions. Brand equity is the general term while brand loyalty is a component of brand equity together with brand awareness, perceived quality and brand associations. The level of brand loyalty can predict the likelihood that a consumer will continue buying the brand, which can also be affected by brand awareness. Brand awareness indicates how well informed and aware the consumer is about the brand and its related products, like how many kinds of detergents does Tide have. Perceived quality refers to how consumers assess the quality of the brand, or how congruent the quality of the product is to how it has been marketed, if it says it can make stains disappear, do consumers believe it or not. Brand associations refer to the emotional and mental associations a consumer has about the product, if Tide is associated as the cleanest smelling detergent, then the mere exposure to the product would have us remember that clean smelling shirt at the wash. The stronger the brand loyalty is and awareness and association of the product and high perception of quality, the stronger the brand equity will be. Concept in the movie: Brand loyalty and brand equity was depicted in the movie with the reference of Taco Bell as the only surviving fast food after the different establishments battled it out in the franchise wars. Since San Angeles promoted safe and clean living without meat, fat, high cholesterol and the like, Taco Bell was the only fast food that survived because they offered the food that was prescribed by the leader of San Angeles and since Taco Bell was providing the same kind of food before the â€Å"big one† of 2010, then brand loyalty and equity had been strong as many people were aware of Taco Bell, and knew about its quality and that it is associated with healthy food and clean living. Evaluation of the concept in the movie: In the movie, Huxley explained that the only fast-food in the city was Taco Bell; this indicated that Taco Bell has strong brand equity. This would mean that Taco Bell has a monopoly of the fast food industry and that every franchise in the city is named Taco Bell. Surviving the franchise war gives us an idea of how the brand equity of Taco Bell gained an almost cult like status; the franchise war referred to how the fast-food industry tried to offer products that would be in keeping with the new quality of life with San Angeles, devoid of hamburgers and French fries and other sinfully unhealthy foods. Since most fast-foods rely on the usual fare of grease and salty fries, the move to prefer healthier foods left the other fast-foods cold. It was probably Taco Bell who alone kept up with the changing food habits of the people of San Angeles which s why it has come to be associated with healthy and approved foods. Likewise, Taco Bell has been able to retain the fast-food brand as a memory of the kind of fast foods in the city 20 years ago. The awareness of the brand of fast food as Taco Bell show that people still were loyal to the brand and they already have formed a strong opinion of the kind of food offered in the stores. Concept 3 Title: Cognitive dissonance theory vs Attribution theory Concept Definition: Leon Festinger said that cognitive dissonance arose from the inconsistency of an individual’s attitude to his/her behavior or actions. When a person thinks that he/she is kind but refuses to give alms to beggars, then that person experiences cognitive dissonance, the normal reaction to cognitive dissonance is to reduce the dissonance by changing one’s attitudes. On the other hand, attribution theory refers to the process in which we infer and understand our own behavior or that of other people. Heider said that attributions are made based on personal factors or situational factors in order to explain the behavior of other people. The fundamental attribution error says that observers generally overestimate the influence of personal factors when explaining the behavior of others while we tend to overestimate situational factors when we analyze our own behavior. Concept in the movie: Cognitive dissonance and attribution theory was shown in the movie through the series of exchanges between Spartan and Huxley in their pursuit of Phoenix and also in the justification made by Dr. Cocteau in his attempt at eliminating the rebel leader. In a poignant scene, Spartan complains that chasing and hitting bad people are okay but if these people are only looking for food then it is not okay. Attribution theory was depicted when Dr. Cocteau was dismayed with how his plan turned sour when Phoenix failed to follow his orders and instead went on a killing rampage in San Angeles. Evaluation of concept in the movie: Spartan was a cop of the past and he had trouble adjusting to the quality of life in the new San Angeles, he was brought to life again in order to catch an old criminal which was no match for the new San Angeles police force. This situation already hinted of cognitive dissonance, the presence of a police department who were ill equipped to catch criminals, and the curtailing of freedom of expression in order to keep peace and order in the city. The most memorable example of cognitive dissonance was when Spartan was chasing after a group of rebels who were looking for food, he thought that these people were really rebels but when he found out that they were only looking for food and was rebelling against the quality of life up in San Angeles than an arms rebellion. The dissonance arose from Spartan’s belief that he is a good cop chasing after bad guys, when he realized that he was chasing people looking for food, he felt discomfort and tension which resulted to attitude change, and here we see that Spartan tried to understand the rebels and their principles thereby reducing the dissonance. Attribution theory was depicted in Dr. Cocteau’s explanation of why Phoenix did not go through the plan to kill the rebel leader immediately. He said that Phoenix was made that way that a criminal would always be a criminal; he failed to say that the lack of police force and the flimsy security measures all contributed to Phoenix’s ease at creating mayhem in the city. Reference Schiffman, L. G. & Kanuk, L. L. (2007). Consumer Behavior, 9th ed.   Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc.

Elderly Drivers Outline

Elderly Drivers Specific Purpose: We want our audience to agree that the physically disabled elderly people need to retake their test or prove that they can drive before actually getting behind the wheel of a car. Thesis Statement: These elderly drivers, who are physically disabled, should not be driving without retaking the test or doing something to prove they are still capable to drive. I. Elderly are terrible drivers. A. The elderly are an increasing population of bad drivers, because of their health. B.Those include medical conditions like diabetes, having heart problems, having poor eyesight and being delusional. C. People with health risk or even something simple as just wearing glasses should â€Å"renew† their license, and to pass should have to take a small series test as simple as an eye exam. D. Overall, people over the age of 70 should have to perform a simple test to renew their license. II. Problem: According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the population of drivers 70 and older is expected to increase from 27. 8 million in 2010 to 51. 7 million in 2030 and 67 million in 2050.The rapid increase in the older driver population has led to concerns about the potential effects on traffic safety associated with this trend. A. Based on data reported by states to the Federal Highway Administration, there were approximately 22. 3 million licensed drivers 70 and older in 2010. B. A NHTSA study of 1995 FARS (Fatal Accident Reporting System) data reports that senior citizens accounted for: * 5% of all people injured in traffic crashes * 13% of all traffic fatalities * 13% of all vehicle occupant fatalities * 18% of all pedestrian fatalities C.If the elderly continue to drive as their health problems increase, they will not only be putting their selves at risk, but the rest of the population as well. III. Criteria for Solution: The solutions cannot be physically, mentally, or emotionally harmful to the driver. It has to be fair, affordable, and feasible. I V. Possible Solutions: There are a number of solutions that could help prevent harm to drivers of old age. A. Re-test the people over the age of 70+ in every state. B. Give mid-year health check-ups on the elderly to check their capability to drive an automobile. C.On the license plate of an elderly driver, have an identifier on it to signify that it is an elderly driver. D. Make it mandatory to have a passenger with a license to ride in the car with them. E. Check for any diseases, and health risks that would put the driver at risk or being hurt. F. Make sure the person knows the area they drive in. It has to be familiar to them. V. Best Possible Solution: Re-Test the elderly after a certain age. A. Maryland state law allows police, doctors, and residents including relatives to refer potentially unfit drivers to the Motor Vehicle Administration's Medical Advisory Board.B. A 2004 Florida law requiring that older drivers pass a vision test before getting a license renewed has helped cut the death rate among drivers 80 and older by 17%, according to researchers at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Conclusion: In conclusion, we believe people should have to retake a driving test and vision and hearing test every few years to prove they are still safe and capable drivers. Reflective Thinking Sequence 1. Elderly drivers cause younger drivers to have road rage and put their self at risk. We can limit the problem by making drivers at the age of 70 retake the driving test. . The causes of the problem are the elderly’s vision and hearing getting bad. As they get older, they face more problems. 3. The effects of the problem are people getting hurt or put into danger. The driver puts their self into danger and then gets hurt by other drivers or other drivers hurt them. 4. The criteria in which the solutions should be judged are: Health checkups every few years, have another responsible driver in the car with the elderly, and/or retake the driving test at th e age of 70. 5. A possible solution is to have the driver retake the driving test at the age of 70.A strength would be better drivers on the road. A weakness is they may not want to retake the test. 6. The best solution is to make it mandatory for drivers at the age of 70 to retake the test. 7. We can put it into effect by making the retest a requirement at the age of 70. It’s not illegal because some states already put this into effect. Citations â€Å"Elderly Driving. † Elderly Driving. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. stritch. luc. edu/depts/injprev/Transprt/tran3. htm;. â€Å"Fatality Facts: Elderly. † Fatality Facts: Elderly. Transsaftey Inc, n. d.Web. 29 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. usroads. com/journals/rilj/0101/ri010102. htm;. Copeland, L. (2009, July 6). States seek tests for older drivers. . Retrieved from http://usatoday30. usatoday. com/news/nation/2009-07-05-older-drivers_N. htm Taira, E. D. , M. Maynard, and M. J. Madigan. Assessing the dr iving ability of the elderly, a preliminary investigation. Binghampton, New York: Routledge, 1991. 215. Print. Rothe, John, Peter Cooper, and Brian De Vires. The Safety Of Elderly Drivers: Yesterdays Young, Todays Traffic. Transaction Publishers, 1990. 435. Print.

Gender roles portrayed in society Essays

Gender roles portrayed in society Essays Gender roles portrayed in society Essay Gender roles portrayed in society Essay In the sasss, the popular shows at the time were Father Knows Best, Dennis the Menace and Leave it to the Beaver. All of these shows implying that women were to be at home and men were to work, bringing home the bacon. This ideology affected society, men began to feel as though that they must solely make all the money and took the burden upon themselves. If you could not provide for your family then you didnt do your Job. As for women, they had to do all the domestic chores and had to depend solely on their husbands. For women, this was very unfair. They felt as though they were left at a disadvantage. In the ass and the years to come, they would be discriminated against and only be allowed to work Jobs that fit their capabilities. For example, they could do secretarial work and other very menial Jobs. They could not push beyond their boundaries even if they had the qualifications to do so. Television shows were not the only aspect that affected society. Of course with all the advertisement selling items such as laundry Ghana 2 chillness, kitchen appliances and other domestic-Like devices were all advertised with women. Which indicated and Insinuated to society that this Is what a womens Job as, This later leads to how society will then Influence the coming years. The Information presented reflects the Idea that social media effects the colonization of gender roles. Pointing out commercials and television shows that were Indeed used to almost Indoctrinate whoever watched It and the people surrounding them. Making men and women feel as though this is the social standard in which they are to follow esteem and/or decision making. : Which poses many concerns on how sex roles are interpreted. As years go by, society now has established this unspoken fact that omen are incapable and therefore must be protected by a man. Women are seen as incompetent, they are taken advantaged of because theyre viewed as easy. A speech given by a renowned feminist named Chainman Ongoing Addicted said, We teach girls to shrink themselves, to make themselves smaller. We say to girls, You can have ambition but not too much. O should aim to be successful but not too successful, otherwise you will threaten the man. Because I am female, I am expected to aspire to marriage, I am expected to make my life choices always keeping in mind that marriage is the most important. Now marriage can be a source of Joy and love and mutual support but why do we teach girls to aspire to marriage and we dont teach boys the same? We raise girls to see each other as competitors, not for Jobs or for accomplishments. Which I think could be a good thing, bu t for the attention of men. We teach girls that they cannot be sexual beings in the way that boys are. What Chainman says is very true based on Ghana 3 what society has shown. For example, girls are taught to never aim to be a CEO or a political leader. Girls are taught to be a helping hand almost, to guide their man to retreats. She says that because she is female she is expected to aspire to marriage that statement is true because women are expected to fit this idea of a beautiful being. To be fit and to also have lady-like mannerisms. That is why girls nowadays are almost competing for a title, women see each other as competitors but never for the brains. They compete with their looks, women have tendencies to see each other a competitors and feel protective of their men. Women are also never allowed to be the same as men in sexual encounters. Women are seen as something o pure and once their purity is gone. Theyre no longer worth what they once were, so they are encourage to not lose this purity. Men on the other hand are encouraged to rendezvous as much as possible, the more the better. Butler views sex as a socially constructed category which stems out of social and cultural practices and gender identity is not a manifestation of intrinsic essence but rather the product of actions and behavior that is, performance. She undermines the thought that sex is a natural born category and is very convincing in her argument. Sex isnt a category to which we are born in, surely we are a male and female but her argument g oes beyond shallow thought. She states that females could have easily been the male of the world and that we chose to label it however we wanted to. Our society made up this category that men are to protect and women are to be protected. Gender is produced from what we do, some females may choose to be the provider and caretaker. Gender is chosen by the being individually. Sometimes the individual cannot choose for themselves, sometimes parents influence children as soon as theyre born. Ghana 4 Parents have expectations of children depending on their sex. Giving examples such as colors, toys, and assumptions of behaviors differentiated by genders. Parents have differential expectation of sons and daughters as early as 24 house after birth which Witt stated in this essay. Witt believes that parents have a huge impact once how children will portray their roles in society. Witt proves this by showing studies that show boys have more masculine items in their rooms than girls do. For example, the basic colors that are used to represent a specific sex, pink is used to present females and blue for males. Males typically have sports equ ipment in their bedrooms and girls have frills. Socially accepted toys for boys are sport related or toys related to things boys have to like. For example hammers, sports balls, and/or cars. Females on the other hands are usually given toys such as dolls and play household items. All of which psychologically effect how they think and act. When girls are tomboys it is very often almost looked down upon and vice versa for a male. Many people Judge girls are on their body shapes and how they are dressed. Girls would usually be slim and dressed well. Boys are usually looked at how broad their shoulders are, their build. Parents expect their daughters to be calm, cool and collected and boys are expected to be masculine,chivalrous and reliable. Corcoran wrote an article in the Daily Nebraskan titled, Stereotypical Gender Roles Have No Place in Modern Society. According to this article, in modern society women should not have to conform to societal beliefs that women should be any less ambition than men. He believes that in todays society, now it is more socially acceptable for omen not to follow traditional ideals. He refers to this age as the golden age of gender roles. Before it was assumed that men wanted to be the sole breadwinner for Ghana 5 their families, now it isnt considered to be the case. There is too much pressure on the men as there is pressure on women. He tells us to not surrender to your nature and that we should instead aim to better ourselves and follow what we wish to do, not what society tells us to want. The stereotypical gender roles were once acceptable in society but now times are hanging and so are opinions. Society now markets on the independence of a woman by appealing to women across the globe to make a difference. There are many iconic females such as Beyond, Opera and so on have stood to show that girls Run the World. Females across the globe have started to make changes. Not only have females stood up, males have as well. Even in modern times, men are expected to pay for dates and gifts. Even though a relationship is a two way street, males are still expected to be the giver. Nowadays, some females like to pay for their dates. Some

Conjugating Chasser in French

Conjugating Chasser in French When you want to say to hunt or to chase in French, use the verb  chasser. This is pretty straightforward because it looks and sounds a lot like the English chase. You will find that conjugating  chasser  is relatively easy as well. Conjugating the French Verb  Chasser Chasser  is a  regular -ER verb  and that means we can use the most common verb conjugation pattern. If you learn how to transform this word to the appropriate tense, it makes similar words like  cesser  (to stop) and  brà »ler  (to burn)  a little easier to learn. Conjugating is as simple as recognizing the stem in this case,  chass   and adding the appropriate ending. For the  je  (I) present tense, its as simple as an -e  and for the future  je, it will be -erai. Unlike English, French requires you to match the subject pronoun with the tense. In English, hunting applies no matter if youre talking about I, you, or we, but in French, each subject requires a different ending. The chart will help you learn these forms: I hunt is je chasse and we will hunt is nous chasserons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je chasse chasserai chassais tu chasses chasseras chassais il chasse chassera chassait nous chassons chasserons chassions vous chassez chasserez chassiez ils chassent chasseront chassaient The Present Participle of  Chasser Using the stem of  chasser, add the ending -ant  and you have the  present participle  chassant. This is a verb  but can be used as an adjective, gerund, or noun as well. The Passà © Composà © and Past Participle A  common way to express the past tense in French is the  passà © composà ©. To use this, conjugate the  auxiliary verb  avoir  to match the subject, then add the  past participle  chassà ©. For example, I chased is jai chassà © and we hunted is nous avons chassà ©. More  Chasser  Conjugations to Know In less frequent instances, you may find a use for the following conjugations. The subjunctive and conditional are used when there is uncertainty to the verb and these are used quite often. In contrast, the passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive are rare and found primarily in literature. In the least, you should be able to recognize each of these. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je chasse chasserais chassai chassasse tu chasses chasserais chassas chassasses il chasse chasserait chassa chassà ¢t nous chassions chasserions chassà ¢mes chassassions vous chassiez chasseriez chassà ¢tes chassassiez ils chassent chasseraient chassà ¨rent chassassent To use  chasser  in an exclamation and quickly request or demand something be hunted, use the imperative. When doing so, its perfectly acceptable to skip the subject pronoun and say only the verb: chasse rather than  tu chasse. Imperative (tu) chasse (nous) chassons (vous) chassez

Fnancial analysis. Accenture, Wal-Mart, and McDonalds Essay

Fnancial analysis. Accenture, Wal-Mart, and McDonalds - Essay Example McDonald’s is the largest fast food restaurant in the world. The company has over 32,000 stores worldwide. The global sales of McDonald’s in 2011 were $27 billion. The use of aggressive advertising strategies has helped McDonald’s gain popularity, increase its customer base, and achieve superior customer retention. Section two The annual reports of Accenture, Wal-Mart, and McDonald’s were downloaded for review. Each annual report provided information regarding the financial statements of the companies. All three companies demonstrated having strong cash reserves. The firm with the largest cash account was Wal-Mart with $7.40 billion. Accenture ranked second between the three companies at $5.7 billion, while McDonald’s had the weakest cash position at $2.34 billion. The current ratio was chosen as the metric to measure the company’s ability to pay off its short term debt using current assets. All three companies are in good position to pay off their current debt due to the fact that all three companies had a current ratio above the 1.0 threshold. Wal-Mart utilized the most cash on investing activities out of the three firms at $12.19 billion. The firm that had the lowest amount of cash spend in investing activities was Accenture with $0.7 billion. The amount of cash spend in investing activities by McDonald’s was $2.57 billion. The firm with the highest change in non-current assets during fiscal year 2011 was Wal-Mart with $5.55 billion. ... The amount of cash spend in investing activities by McDonald’s was $2.57 billion. The firm with the highest change in non-current assets during fiscal year 2011 was Wal-Mart with $5.55 billion. The change in non-current assets of Accenture and McDonald’s were $0.99 billion and $24 million respectively. Section five Net income 2009 2010 2011 Accenture $1.59 billion $1.78 billion $2.28 billion McDonald’s $4.55 billion $4.95 billion $5.5 billion Wal-Mart $13.38 billion $14.37 billion $16.39 billion Cash flow from operating activities 2009 2010 2011 Accenture $3.16 billion $3.09 billion $3.44 billion McDonald’s $5.75 billion $6.34 billion $7.15 billion Wal-Mart $23.64 billion $26.25 billion $23.64 billion From 2009 to 2011 Accenture, McDonald’s and Wal-Mart all enjoyed increases in net income. The income of Accenture went up by 43.39% in comparison with 2009 and it rose by 28.08% in comparison with 2010. In 2011 McDonald’s enjoyed a net income in crease of 11.11% in comparison with the previous year. Wal-Mart had a net income increase of 14.05% between 2010 and 2011. The retail giant enjoyed the greatest net income increase at $2.02 billion. The only company that enjoyed consecutive increases in cash from operating activities during the period between 2009 and 2011 was McDonald’s. Section six Based on the financial analysis performed on the three companies in this paper I am going to choose the company that is the best investment alternative for investors looking to make some money. Wal-Mart Corporation was the company with the highest amount of cash reserves and it was also the firm with the highest current ratio. Wal-Mart has the greatest liquidity of the three firms. Wal-Mart

Childs needs vs needs of the economy in formal education Essay

Childs needs vs needs of the economy in formal education - Essay Example The economic status of the nation and its needs serves as a marker as to what the society will or will not enjoy. It is very sound that education is one of the key in order for the economy to bloom. First, intelligent citizens that could react and work well to the accelarating global trend will do much contributions to the economic uplifting. The skills and values that children will learn in school is a valuable asset that they can use up to their proceeding years of life. In this context, the government or even parents encouraged their children to go have their formal education at their young age. The intention of early formal education is good, which is to make the child prepared for the needs of the economy. There is nothing wrong that children will learn how to read and write, or for them to learn how they are going to be responsible citizens. It is also good that they will will excel in their academic performance which might be the main reason for sending them to school at their early age. However, concentrating too much with the requirment of the economy in early formal education, mainly to the academic development of the child with to much expectation on academic performance at very young age is a serious issue. Academic expectation might be a thing that is in conflict with the child’s needs. This might outweighed children’s early development most especially the social and the cognitive progress. Early development in the child is very crucial, therefore it is necessary that every steps of that early development should not be disregarded. The concepts of Montessori about early child development is not necessarily to put pressure on the child by means of filling his mind with informations where he might not be ready of, but to cultivate the natural desire of the children to learn by means of designing situations wherein the children could react and eventually learn. It is the

Critical Analysis of Malcolm X Learning to Read Essay

Critical Analysis of Malcolm X Learning to Read - Essay Example Malcolm X’s â€Å"Learning to Read† has several important points. In addition to his narrative of how he got his education, Malcolm X’s essay also revealed how he came to be a leader of the black separatist movement that urged black Americans to cut their political, social and economic ties with the white community. The essay â€Å"Learning to Read† emphasized more what it intended to say when it expressed the experience of incredulity of the author’s first attempt to write sensibly. Malcolm X’s first sentence â€Å"It was because of my letters that I happened to stumble upon starting to acquire some kind of a homemade education† beautifully expressed the mindset when the author began his self-education.   Also, the comparison that he â€Å"had been the most articulate hustler out there† yet he â€Å"wasn’t even functional† to write a simple English provided the reader a â€Å"feel† of the difficulty of hi s experience of trying to write. Malcolm X was already an educated man when wrote his essay â€Å"Learning to Read† but he chose to use the analogy â€Å"nearly all the words that might as well have been in Chinese† to depict the colloquial perspective of an uneducated man who was having a hard time understanding the text of the books. We may think that assigning the word â€Å"Chinese† to a written text that is not understood to be wrong but the context of the essay made it appropriate and emphatic.... The usage of a street language â€Å"some kind of homemade education† also emphasized without explaining further what his state of mind was. Also, the comparison that he â€Å"had been the most articulate hustler out there† yet he â€Å"wasn’t even functional† to write a simple English provided the reader a â€Å"feel† of the difficulty of his experience of trying to write. Malcolm X was already an educated man when wrote his essay â€Å"Learning to Read† but he chose to use the analogy â€Å"nearly all the words that might as well have been in Chinese† to depict the colloquial perspective of an uneducated man who was having a hard time understanding the text of the books. We may think that assigning the word â€Å"Chinese† to a written text that is not understood to be wrong but the context of the essay made it appropriate and emphatic. In between his understanding how the white man had oppressed the non-whites, Malcolm X craft ily narrated his journey towards his learning that is engaging to the reader. The narration about how he would sneak past the guard to read during â€Å"lights out† time in prison made the essay more personal and engaging. The emphasis on his painstaking effort to copy the whole library to his tablet and reading it aloud to himself tells that he literally started as ignorant about the written text. Then slowly, his word based broadened and begun to understand the books that he wanted to read. From then on, there was no stopping for him to read and to search further for knowledge. It will be inappropriate to describe that Malcolm X was able to educate himself despite him being in prison. In his words, he was even grateful of his circumstances because it lead him towards erudition, â€Å"prison enabled

An Introduction To Early Care And Education Young People Essay

An Introduction To Early Care And Education Young People Essay This essay will identify the range of early years settings involved in the care and education of young children. Then discuss the roles and responsibilities of the professional workers involved in the setting. The essay will also evaluate the curricula appropriate to two different settings that will be focused on. The essay will culminate with a personal statement. First, the history of education of young children will be reflected upon. When the Education system first started and when children became important. Focusing on Education legislation, (historical to present day). Also looking at the various types of Early Year education provisions and the professionals that work in the provisions and their roles. Followed by a discussion on theorists that have had an impact upon Early Years provision. Next, there will be a discussion on social care and health care legislation which is affiliated to the support of childrens health and safety (historical to present day). Looking at the range of health care settings for early years. Discussing the various health professionals and their roles in relation to health care. Subsequently, the essay will look at management styles of the different settings using a reflection diary and identify the role of the professionals that work in various setting, discussing the definition of reflective practice and the i mportance of reflective practice. Finally, conclusions will be drawn as to whether the objectives have been met. Pre 1870 there was no organised system of education. Some children attended schools run by charities and churches or dame schools (called because they were run by women) for young children. There were fee paying schools for those rich enough to afford them. In early Victorian England, most children never went to school at all and grew up unable to read or write. Instead they were sent out to work to earn money for their families. Only the upper and middle class children went to school. It wasnt until 1880 that schooling became mandatory. All children had to attend a school until they were ten years old. In 1889, the school leaving age was raised to twelve, and in 1891, the schools pence fee was abolished and schools became free. Children were first considered important to society after the Victorian era (1837-1901). The era has been described as a source of the modern institution of childhood. Ironically, the Industrial Revolution during this era led to an increase in child labour, but due to the campaigning of the evangelicals, and efforts of author Charles Dickens (1812- 1870) and others, child labour was gradually reduced and halted in England via the Factory Acts of 1802-1878. The Victorians emphasized the role of the family and the sanctity of the child, this attitude has remained dominant in Western societies since then. The needs and welfare of children today are met through a series of polices and legislation which aims to protect and provide for their welfare. These policies are informed and underpinned by historical policies and legislation. The first legislation passed by the government to protect the children of the country was The Factory Act passed by the Government in 1833. It was intended to improve conditions for children working in factories. It introduced a compulsory two hours schooling each day for children. This was the first time that children of all backgrounds in the UK had access to education. Thirty seven years after the Factory Act of 1833, the Elementary Education Act of 1870 provided education on an extraordinary scale. This new law set up mass primary education (education for everyone). It was introduced because the government was worried that the working class was becoming revolutionary and also because it was thought that Britains economy we falling behind the rest of the world. The 1880 Education Act made school attendance compulsory for all children up to the age of ten. The school education boards were abolished under the 1902 Education Act. In their place Local Educational Authorities (LEAs) were created to organize funding, employ teachers and allocate school places. During the 1920s and 1930s Sir Henry Hadow (1859-1937) was responsible for several important reports on education in England. In 1926, a report entitled The Education of the Adolescent looked at primary education in detail for the first time. It prioritized activity and experience, rather than rote learning and discussed, for the first time, the specific needs of children with learning difficulties. The report also made the important recommendation of limiting class sizes to a maximum of thirty children. In 1931, another report was published: The Primary School was influenced by the educational ideas of  Swiss psychologist, Jean Piaget and advocated a style of teaching based on childrens interests. The 1944 Education Act saw the introduction of the tripartite system. Devised by Conservative MP Rab Butler (1902-1982), the Act introduced three different types of school: Grammar schools for the more academic pupil, Secondary Modern schools for a more practical, non-academic style of education and Technical schools for specialist practical education. Pupils were allocated to a particular type of school by taking an examination called the  11 Plus, which was also introduced under the Act. Secondary education now became free for all and the school-leaving age rose to 15. The Plowden Report is the unofficial name for the 1967 report of the Central Advisory Council for Education (England) into Primary Education. The report was called Children and their Primary Schools and was named after the chair of the Council, Lady Bridget Plowden (1910-2000). It observed that new skills were needed in society, stating that,  the qualities needed in a modern economy extend far beyond skills such as accurate spelling and arithmetic. They include greater curiosity and adaptability, a high level of aspiration, and others which are difficult to measure. (The Plowden Report 1967; Chapter 31; p433; verse 1175). The National Curriculum was introduced in the 1988 Education Act. It made all education the same for state-funded schools, ensuring that all pupils had access to a basic level of education. A selection of subjects were made compulsory including Mathematics, English, Science and some form of Religious Education. It also introduced sex education for the first time. The 2002 Education Act introduced the existing Foundation stage to become a new stage of the National Curriculum and Nursery education became inspected by Ofsted. There are many different types of organizations offering Early Years Education and childcare. There are independent private settings working for profit owned by companies or individuals, ranging from large nursery chains with hundreds of settings to owner-manager with only one setting. The nursery manager and deputy manager in all of these settings have the same responsibilities they are responsible for ensuring the nursery provides the best possible standards of care and education; ensuring the environment is safe and secure, where the children are valued as individuals through a loving and child centred approach in all aspects of the way the nursery is run. It is also the managers responsibility to ensure that the children have access to learning opportunities throughout their time at the nursery; providing learning activities which are educational, stimulating and fun. The Nursery staff need to have the correct level of qualification to work with children. Also they are required to have a working knowledge of Ofsted standards and the ability to work in partnership with parents. Workplace nurseries are classed within the private sector even though they may be run for the benefit of particular employees the professionals working there still need to have all the relevant qualifications to work with the children. Nannies and child minders are similar. Nannies are sometimes self-employed, but more often are employees of a family. Some nannies work for agencies. Childminders are self-employed individuals working from home. Ofsted require childminders and nannies to carry out a Paediatric first-aid course (first aid for children) as well as introductory courses in childminding. Voluntary sector comprises groups operated by a voluntary management committee and run for the benefit of the community rather than for profit (e.g. pre-school playgroups, parent/toddler groups, community day nurseries and sure start centres). Despite its name, most workers in the voluntary sector are paid employees, not volunteers. Public sector provision includes school-based services, such as nursery classes, and nursery schools, local authority day nurseries and nursery centres. These setting will have to have a trained Nursery teachers and a nursery nurses. The entire list of professionals mentioned above will have to have an enhanced Criminal Records Disclosure (CRB) and are required by law by anyone who works with children. In England 1700-1800 people became reformers and saw that they werent benefitting from the lifestyle. England was the first country in the world to undergo the Industrial Revolution and it created large numbers of working class people. A key figure that recognised the way children were treated was Robert Owen (1771-1858), he was a utopian radical socialist reformed mill owner who set up crà ¨ches for the children of his workers as well as housing and health facilities. His reform began around 1816. Pestalozzi (1745-1827) an Italian educationalist attempted to recognise the stages of development in childrens education. In 1836 the Pestalozzian Centre of Home and Colonel Education Infant school society began training teachers for infant schools in its college in London. Also very influential was the kindergarten movement. Froebel (1782-1852) first opened in England in 1851. Froebels vision was to educate the whole child, outdoor activities played significant part, but his vision was of the children as plants in the garden of school flowering and blossoming under the correct care and attention as you would a plant. Gradually though more precise nature of Froebels pedagogy and philosophies got taken over by a wider emphasis on play combined with domestic tasks as defined by the theorists of psychologists Stanley Hall (1884-1924) and John Dewey (1859-1952). Also these kindergartens were rescuers of the children of the urban poor so teachers became more like social workers. Another significant figure was Maria Montessori (1870-1952). Her work came to be seen as more a preserve of middle class private nurseries. Originally she worked with deprived children in Naples and aimed to develop cognitive physical linguistic social and self care skills through carefully structured play activities and equipment. She was a big advocate of natural material such as wooden blocks, sandpaper letters and thought that too many brightly coloured toys and pictures could over stimulate the children. Children were taught to concentrate on one activity then put it away and move on to the next activity. During the First and the Second World War committees argued the importance of child care. Margaret McMillan (1860-1931) and Rachel McMillan (1859-1917) were Christian socialists and were the originators of the Nursery School concept. In 1913 the first open aired nursery was opened in London, it focused on sense training and the health of the young children. Sand, water, clay and paint were used and free cooked meals were given and the children were encouraged to enjoy fresh air as much as possible with covered area outside. In 1960 the Playgroup Movement (1961-1987) was started by Belle Tutaev. She started a Campaign for Nursery Education and organised a petition collecting three and a half thousand signatures that she sent to those in authority. She wrote letters to Councillors and knocked on doors pleading for some provision to be made for the under fives. So, being a trained teacher, she decided to do it herself ! She hired a hall, raised funds and opened her own Nursery/Playgroup. It proved such a success that she felt sure others could do as she had done, so she penned a letter to The Guardian that appeared on 25 August 1961. A small committee was formed and the National Association of Pre-school Playgroups was formally constituted on 10 July 1962 and registered as a charity. Historically, child health surveillance and screening have been central to monitoring childrens health and development (Luker and Orr 1996; Hall and Elliman, 2004). There is no doubt that health throughout life is influenced by the experiences in early years of childhood. Recent government policy has highlighted the importance of health professionals working with families and children to improve their health outcomes (Acheson, 1998). Looking back at past legislation there have been indications since the Industrial Revolution of the need to protect children. In 1834 New Poor Law placed duty on parents to protect their children. The children not cared for would be looked after by the state as an apprentice. The aim of the Act was to reduce poverty but in fact perpetuated it. The children were also still counted as the fathers property with their welfare in his hands. This would not change until Childrens Law Reform Act 1990. 1847 Public Health Act aimed at improving the environment and childrens health, education added to local authoritys responsibility. The Act laid foundations for todays health provisions. The late 19th century was a time of social deprivation and great hardship for many children. On 8 July 1884, The London Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children was established. Lord Shaftesbury (1801-1885) was appointed as president and the Reverend Benjamin Waugh (1839-1908) and Reverend Edward Rudolf (1852-1933) as joint honorary secretaries. Waugh was to be significant in shaping the Societys future. After witnessing the levels of deprivation and child cruelty in Greenwich, London where he lived, Waughs urgent priority was to draw public and government attention to the plight of children. At the 1889 annual general meeting the Society changed its name to the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC). By 1945 we had uniformed child welfare services, but local authorities continued to hold overall responsibility for social care or services and child care. Legislation aimed at evolving the development of childrens rights and care embedded in health, education and social care legislation, but childhood becoming more and more regulated and controlled. Political theorists of this time such as Mill (1773-1836) and Locke (1632-1704) lobbied for the protection of children whilst Paine (1737-1809) and Neill (1883-1973) campaigned for the liberation of children. Currently there are over 4,000 non-statutory agencies worldwide, helping millions of people and children, none of whom are part of any government organisation (Harrison 2004, in Wyse, 2004). As Stone and Rixon (2008)state in (Foley and Rixon, 2008), the drive for services to work more closely together is not a new phenomenon, it has existed as long as there have been different groups of people providing services to families. In his 2003 report into the death of Victoria Climbie, Lord Laming highlighted the need for all parties involved in the care and education to engage in more collaborative working practices. His enquiry led to enhanced legislation, as the findings of the report were incorporated into update of the Children Act (2004) and in response to the recommendations, the Every Child Matters green paper was published in 2003. The reports became fundamental to the development of child health services. They required health professionals and families to form relationships of partnership rather than supervision, in which parents could be empowered to make use of services and expertise according to their needs. The Fourth Edition of Health For All Children (Hall and Elliman 2004), included recommendations for a streamlined surveillance programme, with even greater emphasis on health promotion and primary prevention. Although the health of children is predominantly a parental responsibility, society has a vested interest in ensuring that parents are supported to improve the health and well-being of their children. This will help to ensure the needs and rights of our children are respected. There are five main types of childrens services there are Health services, Social services, Education and Leisure and Recreation. The health services that are available in schools for children are mainly School Nurses and support workers, working in a team or network to offer needs based approach to the provision of healthcare within schools for children. School Nurses have a public health role with school-aged children, their families, schools and the surrounding communities to promote health. Also there is the early years and health visiting service. This service refers to multi disciplinary early years teams delivering a family centered public health role. The services that hospitals provide are General paediatrics. This service refers to all non-tertiary hospital based activity. Maternity staff also cover Antenatal care, Intrapartum care, and Post natal care. The Health Visitor is a qualified registered nurse, midwife or psychiatric nurse with specialist qualifications in community health, which includes child health, health promotion and education. The role involves promoting health in the whole community and the health visitor is particularly involved with families who have children under five. Every family has a named health visitor, the role is to offer support and encouragement to families through the early years from pregnancy and birth to primary school and beyond. They work closely with GPs and cover the geographical area of the GP practice. Most health visitors work alongside midwives preparing parents for the birth of their baby by their involvement in pre-birth classes. One of the practical placements visited was a preschool. The preschool was without a manager at present so the deputy manager was in charge. There were eight members of staff all female, only one was a full time member of staff. The preschool is situated at the back of the school in a porter cabin, it does have all the facilities needed for the children but could use an update. A definition of a preschool or a play school is to be an educational institution for children too young for elementary school. For parents, it is a common place where toddlers meet, play and spend time together under the supervision of qualified adults. It is also where the children gain experience to enable them to transition into reception class. The pre-school deputy managers role is to provide inclusive play and learning opportunities for all children attending and to maintain a safe, stimulating and enjoyable environment. She or he will assist the pre-school manager in curriculum planning within the pre-school. They will manage the provision in the absence of the pre-school manager. The Statutory Framework for Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) states that all early years providers must by law deliver, regardless of type, size or funding of the setting, follow the EYFS framework. The EYFS comprises a set of welfare requirements and a set of learning and development requirement that all childcare providers must comply with. (Ref) The second practical placement visited was an Ormiston Childrens Centre. Ormiston is the biggest childrens charity in the East of England. They work to improve the wellbeing of children, young people and their families, whatever their circumstances. The Ormiston Centre is an exciting community project with excellent facilities for supporting children, young people and families through a range of health promoting physical activities, sport and learning opportunities. The emphasis is on providing fun activities which promote physical and social well-being rather than ability or excellence. The service manager of Ormiston Centre Colchester states that, as service manager  I have  responsibility to develop play and learning and address issues related to childcare.   With this in mind I have close contact with all pre-school, parent and  toddler groups. I  help to develop good practice built on experience and identify support where appropriate. The author assessed her own placement settings and found that the management styles were allot different from each setting. The evidence of this was discovered by observing the the different styles of management at both settings and comparing them (see appendix 1 and 2). Looking at the different style the author focused on three areas: all round management, sudden decision making and involvement with the children. Also looking at the three main categories of leadership styles: autocratic, paternalistic and democratic and observing which category the different placement managers follow. Autocratic managers like to make all the important decisions and closely supervise and control workers. Managers do not trust workers and simply give orders (one-way communication) that they expect to be obeyed. (Ref). This approach derives from the views of Taylor (1856-1915) as to how to motivate workers and relates to McGregors (1906 1964) theory X view of workers. This approach has limitations (as highlighted by other motivational theorists such as Mayo (1880-1949) and Herzberg (1923-2000) but it can be effective in certain situations. Paternalistic managers give more attention to the social needs and views of their workers. Managers are interested in how happy workers feel and in many ways they act as a father figure. (Ref). They consult employees over issues and listen to their feedback or opinions. The manager will however make the actual decisions. The style is closely linked with Mayos Human Relation view of motivation and also the social needs of Maslow (1908 1970). A democratic style of management will put trust in employees and encourage them to make decisions. They will delegate to them the authority to do this and listen to their advice. This requires good two-way communication and often involves democratic discussion groups, which can offer useful suggestions and ideas. Managers must be willing to encourage leadership skills in subordinates. (Ref). This style has close links with Herzbergs motivators and Maslows higher order skills and also applies to McGregors theory Y view of workers. Looking at appendix 1 the observations of the deputy managers behaviour on page 17-19 confirms the authors opinion that within the preschool the management style seems to be extremely autocratic. This could be down to not enough training, lack of confidence or negligence of position. Comparing this attitude to Taylors theory of Scientific Management argued the idea that workers are motivated mainly by pay. This could be the case at the preschool as the management doesnt seem to get involved with the children which is the main reason that professionals are present. As stated earlier the deputy managers role is to provide inclusive play and learning opportunities for all children in a stimulating and enjoyable environment. This doesnt seem to be happening. When observing the management style of the Ormiston manager it seems that she understands her role and has a great deal of passion for the position. After carful observation it felt like the management style of the Ormiston manager was paternalistic with a little witnessing of a democratic style. This can be seen in appendix 2 on page 20. In fact, comparing these two different management styles it appeared to the author that the management style of the Ormiston Centre seemed more successful than that of the preschool. Hopefully the preschool will obtain a manager to fill the position soon. Reflective practice is not a new concept. Boud, Keogh and Walker (1985) stated twenty years ago that it features the individual and his or her experiences, leading to a new theoretical view or understanding. They included the element of learning, as well as involvement of the self, to define reflective practice: Reflection is a forum of response of the learner to experience (Boud et al. 1985, page18). Johns and Freshwater (1998) also described the value of reflective practice as a means of learning. Reflection is a process of reviewing an experience of practice in order to describe, analyse, evaluate and so inform learning about practice (Reid, 1993 p.305). Reflective practice is something more than thoughtful practice. It is that form of practice that seeks to problematise many situations of professional performance so that they can become potential learning situations and so the practitioners can continue to learn, grow and develop in and through practice (Jarvis, 1992 p.180). According to the educator Professor David Boud, effective learning will not occur unless you reflect. To do this, you must think of a particular moment in time, ponder over it, go back through it and only then will you gain new insights into different aspects of that situation. According to Kolb (1984) reflecting is an essential element of learning. This is shown through an experiential learning cycle. To conclude, the range of early years settings involved in the health care and education of young children has been explored by examining the history of education and the history of the health service using legislation and key theorists. The essay has also examined management within the settings and the various roles of professionals working with different settings and how government legislation has changed over time. It has been learnt that it is essential that all families and children are aware of the different types of education and health care services provided in the early stages of child development and that there are a lot of different settings available to all different needs and backgrounds. Also that a good management style in child care is fundamental in producing an all round successful setting no matter what the circumstances. For future practice the key points that the author has taken away is that there are a lot of different professionals out there that are able to offer the support and help that is needed for young children and parents to have successful and happy lives. Also that a successful manager is not all about paper work, delegation and targets. 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